His father Champaka was the minister (Lord of the Gate) in the court of Harsha of Kashmir. It does not store any personal data. Son of Durlabhavardhana and Anangalekha. The Tusharas did not give a fight but fled to the mountain ranges leaving their horses in the battle field. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. In subsequent years, through his tact and ability Shah Mir rose to prominence and became one of the most important personalities of his time. It covers the entire span of history in the Kashmir region from the earliest times to the date of its composition. Rajatarangini . [5] According to Jonaraja, Shah Mir was the descendant of Partha Subsequent English translations of Kalhana's Rajatarangini include: Several books containing legendary stories from Rajatarangini have been compiled by various authors. Jonaraja Answer: It is court chronicle that deals with the history of rulers of Kashmir. and interdisciplinary publications, both books and journals. It joins a long catalogue of such translations from Sanskrit beginning with that of Kautilyas However, the intent of the translations has been insufficiently analyzed in the context of the interrelationship between Orientalist and nationalist projects and the historical and literary ideas that informed them. Taking action accordingly, regardless of initiating Kalhana an extraordinary student of history, Ramesh Chandra Majumdar2 discussed his exceptionally faulty strategy comprising in consideration of legendary or amazing lords, an ignorant religiosity in the Epics and Puranas (antiquated Indian kinds portraying the previous), confidence in black magic and sorcery, clarification of occasions as because of the impact of destiny instead of to any normal reason, an overall instructional propensity roused by Hindu perspectives on karma, and simple showcase of poetical and logical expertise. Romila Thapar additionally excused Kalhanas moralism and teaching. He was known for his religious tolerance. In 1574 Akbar started a Maktab Khana or a house of translation works in Fatehpur Sikri. 2011 Duke University Press Who translated Mahabharata and Rajatarangini into Persian? Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. He wanted his court poets to interpret the Sanskrit books Rajatarangini, Ramayana, and Mahabharata into the Persian language. "useRatesEcommerce": false His writing is full of literary devices and allusions, concealed by his unique and elegant style. The fate of Ali Shah is uncertain: he may have died in captivity or have been put to death by Khokhar.[28]. Became queen after the death of all male heirs. Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. Then Lalitaditiya meets the Bhauttas in Baltistan in western Tibet north of Kashmir, then the Dardas in Karakoram/Himalaya, the Valukambudhi and then he encounters Strirajya, the Uttarakurus and the Pragjyotisha respectively (IV.165-175). Who translated Rajatarangini in Kashmiri? However, the intent of the translations has been insufficiently analyzed in the context of the interrelationship between Orientalist and nationalist projects and the historical and literary ideas that informed them. Son of Vijaya: his "long arms reached to his knees". The Hindi translation of Pandeya Ram Tej is another well-acclaimed book. Book III starts with an account of the reign of Meghavahana of the restored line of Gonanda and refers to the brief reign of Matrigupta, a supposed contemporary of Vikramaditya Harsha of Malwa. Examples translated by humans: MyMemory, World's Largest Translation Memory. In that officials, Abdul Fazi translated Ramayana into Persian. Duke University Press publishes approximately one hundred books per year and Kishan Joshi, the Ganga Dhar, the Mahesh, the Mahanand and others. Pratapaditya was a relative of a distant king named Vikrmaditya (II.6). Like the Shahnameh is to Persia, the Rajatarangini is to Kashmir. all exact any . The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". 1 And with that touchstone, Kalhanas work can truly lay claim to an important place in world literature itself. We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. We have migrated to a new commenting platform. He was said to belong to the family of an ancestor called Partha, who was described as a second Partha (an allusion to the Mahabharata hero Arjuna). [15], Sultan Alau'd-Din's two sons became kings in succession, Sultan Shihabu'd-Din and Sultan Qutbu'd-Din. This seems to be official genealogy of the Sultanate. Shivajis Guru was Shree Samarth Ramdas was a noted 17th-century saint and spiritual poet of Maharashtra. His book Tuti Namah (book of the parrot), written in the time of Muhammad Tughluq, was a Persian translation of Sanskrit stories. His short reign was marked by a succession struggle with his half-brother Vajraditya II. For 56 years, The Journal of Asian Studies has been It covers the whole range of history in Kashmir from the earliest times to the date of its synthesis. Kalhaa's account also states that the city of Srinagar was founded by the Mauryan emperor, Ashoka, and that Buddhism reached the Kashmir valley during this period. Sussala's son. Thus (IV.678) is Book IV verse 678. However, very little about those reigns are known anyway in compare to the later dynasties. From the regulation of commodities to the reviving of old crafts, Abidin did everything for overall development of Kashmir and his subjects. Deposed by his half-brother Sangramapida. The courtyard of the Jama Masjid, Srinagar. Made king by Sukhavarman, the son of Utpala. Kalhana was excellently equipped for the work. [19], Jonaraja and later Muslim chroniclers accuse Sikandar of terminating Kashmir's longstanding syncretic culture by persecuting Pandits and destroying numerous Hindu shrines; Suhabhat a Brahman neo-convert and Sikandar's Chief Counsel is particularly blamed for having instigated him. A Persian translation of Rajatarangini was commissioned by Zain-ul-Abidin, who ruled Kashmir in the 15th century CE. After the Utpala dynasty, a Yashaskara became king (V.469). By clicking Accept All, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. Render date: 2023-03-04T12:29:12.553Z Expelled several irreligious Brahmins who used to eat garlic (non-. Sikander Lodi was succeeded on the throne in 1489. Does adding salt to water increase conductivity? [21][25] However, Sikandar was also the first Kashmiri ruler to convert destroyed temples into Islamic shrines, and such a display of supremacy probably had its origins in religious motivations. It is a Sanskrit file of the diverse look of Islam. Answer: Kalhana was the author of Rajatarangini (River of Kings), an account of the history of Kashmir. sfn error: no target: CITEREFBalochRafiq1998 (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFSchimmel1980 (, Last edited on 23 February 2023, at 23:00, Baharistan-i-Shahi Chapter 3 EARLY SHAHMIRS, "Buddhism and Islam in Kashmir as Represented by Rjataragi Authors", "This book claims to expose the myths behind Kashmir's history. During the reign of Zain-ul-Abideen, the eighth Sultan of Kashmir, Mulla Ahmad translated Kalhana's Rajatarangini into Persian. The summary is from J.C. Dutt's translation. This too appears to be a reference to the ice lingam at Amarnath. Running into almost 8000 stanzas that are inconsistently disseminated among eight books or areas, the Kalhana Rajatarangini is a record of the illustrious administrations that administered the realm of Kashmir from its putative starting points to the writers own time. Son of Aksha. Complete Answer: In 1574 Akbar began a Maktab Khana or a place of interpretation works in Fatehpur Sikri. [12] These kings ruled Kashmir for 192years. Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. Accordingly, translation was no longer confined solitary to an isolated linguistic context and the socio-cultural aspects of translation were emphasized. Rajatharangini promises to arouse a great deal of interest among readers. . This was drained by the great rishi or sage, Kashyapa, son of Marichi, son of Brahma, by cutting the gap in the hills at Baramulla, derived from Sanskrit (Boar's Molar), (Varaha) meaning Boar + (Mula) meaning deep or root. 3 Who was the last king of Gonanda dynasty? Hostname: page-component-7fc98996b9-5r7zs In principle, it is for three reasons, specifically, the texts regard to sequence, causation, and (affirmed) objectivity, that European Orientalist researchers who concentrated on the text from the mid-nineteenth century onwards, called the. Devout Shaivite. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". Since the battle was motive-less for the Delhi Sultanate peace concluded between them on a condition that all the territories from Sirhind to Kashmir belong to the Shah Mir empire. Kalhana himself, notwithstanding, doesnt appear to have worked for any ruler. Discuss, Ram Mohan Roy was given the title of Raja by. Running into almost 8000 stanzas that are inconsistently disseminated among eight books or areas, the. His son Kshemagupta married Didda, daughter of Simharaja of Lohara. Kalhana lived in a time of political turmoil in Kashmir, at that time a brilliant center of civilization in a sea of barbarism. For terms and use, please refer to our Terms and Conditions To avoid this outcome, the king married his daughter Anangalekha to Durlabhavardhana, a handsome but non-royal man from Ashvaghama. The actual power was in hands of Jayadevi's brothers Padma, Utpalaka, Kalyana, Mamma and Dharmma. What literary period is the beat generation aligned with? Nephew of Didda. [22] His policies, like with the previous Hindu rulers, were likely meant to gain access to the immense wealth controlled by Brahminical institutions;[23][22][24] further, Jonaraja's polemics stemmed, atleast in part, from his aversion to the slow disintegration of caste society under Islamic influence. He ascended the throne reluctantly, at the request of his guru Ishana. In that officials, Abul Fazi translated Ramayana into Persian. [15], He was the only Shah Mir ruler to keep Hindu courtiers in his court. . His half-brother Vijaymalla rebelled against him, and got Harsha released from prison. In the early years of his reign, the actual power was held by Sussala. Like other translations of the work, it is in prose. Despite these stated principles, Kalhana's work is also full of legends and inconsistencies (see Historical reliability below). He tried to abduct a Nga woman, who was the wife of a Brahmin. His descendant Meghavahana later restored the dynasty's rule. Notes in parentheses refer to a book ("Taranga") and verse. Subscriber Only Stories View All Buy 2-year plan with SD20 code for special price The version was entitled Behr-ul-Asmar, (or the sea of tales). Rajatarangini in Scholarship The most widely known Rajatarangini (River of Kings) - and the one on which the English translations discussed here are based - is a Sanskrit narrative by Kalhana Pandit dating to 1148-49 AD.1 It is written in verse in the Sanskrit kavya style and divided into eight cantos (or tarangas ), which number close to 8,000 . Book II introduces a new line of kings not mentioned in any other authentic source, starting with Pratapaditya I and ending with Aryaraja. Raja Ram Mohan Roy, a social and educational reformer, was an idealist who contributed immensely in eradicating social evils prevalent in the society during the 18th century.He was popularly known as "Father of Modern India". Content may require purchase if you do not have access. Deposed by Tantrin soldiers, who had earlier served as the royal bodyguards. does also publish two journals of advanced mathematics and a few publications He looked up a variety of epigraphic sources relating to royal eulogies, construction of temples, and land grants; he studied coins, monumental remains, family records, and local traditions. Sample translated sentence: Heill on sen thden puhdas asema Jehovan edess. Rajatarangini belongs. (Arjuna) of Mahabharata fame. He was a religious king, and followed a near-ascetic lifestyle. Little is known about him except from what he tells us about himself in the opening verses of his book. Son of Durlabhaka and Shrinarendraprabha. Has data issue: true After a couple of generations a Vijaya from another family took the throne (II.62). His writing is full of literary devices and allusions, concealed by his unique and elegant style. In that officials, Abdul Fazi translated Ramayana into Persian. Abu l-Fadl Allami, Nizam al-Din and Firishta also state It is by late Vidwan T.K. In 1574, Akbar started an Maktab Khana or a house of translation works in his new capital of Fatehpur Sikri. Toramana is clearly the Huna king of that name, but his father Mihirakula is given a date 700 years earlier. The first translation of a portion of the Rajatarangini was carried out in Persian, at the behest of Sultan Zain-ul-Abidin (1421-1472) A.D of Kashmir. His son Kshemagupta married Didda, daughter of Simharaja of Lohara. Despite these stated principles, and despite the value that historians have placed on Kalhana's work, there is little evidence of authenticity and a few inconsistencies in the earlier chapters of his book, especially the first three books. An unpopular king, he was killed. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. The Himalayan area of Kashmir is an intermontane valley shaped by the stream Jhelum (antiquated name Vitasta), a feeder of the waterway Indus. Abstract. Some of the architectural projects commissioned by the dynasty in Kashmir include: Tomb of the Mother of Zain-ul-Abidin in Srinagar. Translation of " " into Persian . He endorsed the work to a few officials to make translations of the Sanskrit books Rajatarangini, Ramayana and Mahabharata into the Persian language. Subscribe here. Son of Sukhavarman. } The minister was persecuted, and ultimately imprisoned because of rumors that he would succeed the king. Belonged to a different family from Lava's dynasty (I.95), Known for constructing a canal named Suvarnamani, Great-grandson of Shakuni and son of Shachinara's first cousin. Kalhana also states that this king had adopted the doctrine of Jina, constructed stupas and Shiva temples, and appeased Bhutesha (Shiva) to obtain his son Jalauka. was Abul Fazl translated the Panch Tantra (Anwar-i-Sahili) and Faizi the story of NalDamayanti into Persian. Murdered by Radda. According to Kalhana, this king "did not speak the language of the gods but used vulgar speech fit for drunkards, showed that he was descended from a family of spirit-distillers" (Stein's translation). Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. Madurai is one of the major cities in the Indian State of Tamil Nadu. He displayed surprisingly advanced technical expertise for the time in his concern for unconventional sources. He abdicated the throne, and a became a hermit to seek peace. After a young son of Yashaskara, Pravaragupta, a Divira (clerk), became king. View Answer TranslationsRajatarangini was translated into Persian by Zain-ul-Abidin order.There are four English translations of Rjatarangi by: Ranjit Sitaram Pandit Horace Hayman Wilson, secretary of The Asiatic Society of Bengal in the early 19th century, and the first English. Kalhana relates that Lalitaditya Muktapida invaded the tribes of the north and after defeating the Kambojas, he immediately faced the Tusharas. Unacademy is Indias largest online learning platform. Verse 13. Next Sultan of Kashmir was Haji Khan, who succeeded his father Zain-ul-Abidin and took the title of Haidar Khan.[30]. He dug profound into such model functions as the Harshacharita and the Brihat-Samhita sagas and utilised with a praiseworthy commonality the neighbourhood rajakathas (regal accounts) and such past chips away at Kashmir as Nripavali by Kshemendra, Parthiva Wali by Helaraja, and Nilamatapurana. Verse 7. Owing to the pervasive distraction of COVID-19, Malayalam readers may have missed a notable event: the first translation into their language of a 12th century Sanskrit classic, Rjatarangi (Rjataragi "The River of Kings") is a metrical historical chronicle of north-western Indian subcontinent, particularly the kings of Kashmir, written in Sanskrit by Kashmiri Brahman Kalhana in 12th century CE.[1]. An astrologer prophesied that his son-in-law would succeed him as the king. [Studia Indologica Universitatis Halensis 7], SlajeWalter", "The COININDIA Coin Galleries: Sultans of Kashmir", Baharistan-i-Shahi: A Chronicle of Mediaeval Kashmir, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shah_Mir_dynasty&oldid=1141211558, Tomb of the Mother of Zain-ul-Abidin in Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, This page was last edited on 23 February 2023, at 23:00. Abu 'l-Fadl Allami, Nizam al-Din and Firishta also state that Shah Mir traced his descent to Arjuna, the basis of their account being Jonaraja's Rajatarangini, which Mulla Abd al-Qadir Bada'uni translated into Persian at Akbar's orders. Jizya was abolished too in his command. It was written in Sanskrit by Kashmiri historian Kalhana in the 12th century CE. Researchers who showed up at this portrayal of the Rajatarangini as the first work of history, the last referenced drawing out the basic release of the Rajatarangini and its full English interpretation, which is perused right up til the present time. a 12th century CE writer can be a piece essential in understanding the historical backdrop of Kashmir. Raman Menon, an erudite scholar in both Sanskrit and Malayalam during his time. The. The Rajatarangini (in a real sense, River of Kings) is an awe-inspiring sonnet (mahakavya/prabandha) created in the old style language, Sanskrit, in 114850 in Kashmir (part of the advanced territory of Jammu and Kashmir, India).Kalhana is said to have been the child of a previous clergyman by the name of Cempaka in the court of a Kashmiri ruler, Harsha. Son of Hiranyakula. The only significance of his rule is that the Sufi saint Mir Sayyid Ali Hamadani arrived at Kashmir in his reign. Mahabharata, Ramayana, Atharva Veda, Lilawati, Rajatarangini translated into Persian. Explanation: In 1574 Akbar started a Maktab Khana or a house of translation works in Fatehpur Sikri. The polar ends of the subcontinent that these two regions represent have been lyrically evoked in the familiar poetic description of himavatsethuparyanthaam. [6], (Note the confusion of dates in this and the following sections. This Vikramaditya is not same as the, Shared the administration with his queen. Learn how and when to remove this template message, "Early Medieval Kashmir Coinage A New Hoard and An Anomaly", Rajatarangini: The Saga of The Kings of Kasmir, Rajatarangini and the Making of India's Past, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rajatarangini&oldid=1121892347, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Killed in a battle with by Krishna's friends. After that, the English translation. Made his brother Sussala the ruler of Lohara. It is a very good painting of the beyond with splendid recorded understanding. His flatters instigated him against his minister Sandhimati. European Orientalist researchers who concentrated on the text from the mid-nineteenth century onwards called the Rajatarangini the solo work of history legitimate to rise out of old India. It emerged in South Asia after its ancestor dialects were subtle there from the northwest inside the overdue Bronze Ag.

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